A great problem of the Ecology

A great problem of the Ecology- amount of heat breathed out by people to the atmosphere. Is this amount a threat for the mankind?

By S.W. Kosowski, Poland

Abstract

We overworked a theory of the time changes of the temperature of the Earth. The theory is based on so called the calorimetric equation linking the Earth temperature with sources of heat delivered to it and with taking into account a cooling the Earth by the interstellar space (“I.S.”) and an escape of its heat in a form of the electromagnetic radiation. On a basis of the results obtained we arrived to two a conclusions:

The conclusion 1-st- not the industry and not the agriculture are the biggest source of the  going to the atmosphere but the people are this source.

The conclusion 2-nd : not the industry and agriculture are the biggest deliverer of a heat to the atmosphere but the people are this deliverer– their presence (the heat emitted by the human body in a form of the Elm. Radiation) and their functioning (the heat  breathed out to the atmosphere). We found out time moments of occurring of several temperatures being important in the thermal history of the Earth, among others an anticipated date when the Earth due to continuously growing population of the mankind will reach so called “ the safe temperature” for the man which one according to us the constant temperature 36,6 of the human body is and the date of burning the Sun to temperature of visibility and the date when the 1-st man (or first people) appeared on the Earth.

Introduction

The AIM of investigations concerning a subject of amount of heat produced  by mankind is to estimate in a what manner presence of the man on the Planete Earth and his economical activity influence a state of the natural environment and as a consequence his condition and his longevity. To give a rational answer to stated question one should take into account  some circumstances and facts concerning the subject . These circumstances and facts are following ones :

1)      What is issue state of the natural environment i.e. this state before the man appeared on the Earth.

2)      The Earth was prepared for the appearance of the man (sources of water and food and stores of energy collected in the interior of the  Earth (a coal mine, a petroleum, a gas)

3)      Nonliving nature influences a state of the living nature (Planets, Animals, People) and vice versa- the living nature influences a state of the nonliving nature

4)      The nature is being found in a state of the global equilibrium but the state of the Global Equilibrium may very in the time very slowly – changes accomplish during hundred and thousands years. In short time intervals (several to twenty years) take place quick rapid changes (Floods, Earth Quarks, Vulcan’s). In yet lower intervals of time take place changes of a state of the Earth atmosphere and of the Earth’s surface environment - it is even difficult to decide when there we have to do with states of the Equilibrium. Their characteristic feature is that they have oscillating character. Periods of these changes are known as the seasons of the year. They are linked with orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun. Characteristic time intervals for these changes are days or even hours. The changes can be hoverer very rapid ones (e.g. hurricanes) and results of these changes are often irreversible ones (a destroy of flats more rarely of buildings).

5)      We draw two conclusions from the above statements.

(k) A notion of the Global equilibrium concerns very big periods of time. These periods are of order tens and hundred of years.

(2k) Times of reaching a state of the equilibrium by the Earth atmosphere are very short ones - they are of order of several days or even several hours.

6) We put forward a hypothesis that the Hurricanes arise in a result of too big and too frequently disturbations of a state of the atmosphere. Let us notice that the hurricanes appear the most frequently in a region of the Caribbean     and in a region of the cities Singapore and Hong Kong. But just in these regions a frequency of the airplanes flights is the biggest one in the World.

A basis for solution of problem formulated in the introduction is so called the calorimetric equation linking a change  of temperature of a body with sources  of delivered or lost heat. This equation in case of the Earth written in a form of infinitesimal; quantities is the following one:

where : “v”- a sign of the alternative

- the mass of the Earth

- an average proper heat of the Earth

dT- a change of temperature of the Earth

-a heat produced by entire mankind associated with presence of man on the Earth and his economical activity (industry, agriculture)

- a heat lost by the Earth because of cooling of it by the interstellar space (I.S.)

 a heat lost by the Earth in a result of emission by the Earth of the electromagnetic radiation (the Elm. Radiation).

The equation links a result with its cause- the result is a change of temperature of the body and the cause is a heat delivered to the body and a heat taken out or escaping from the body. Heating or cooling a body as well a delivering energy or escaping energy are processes. So a temperature of heated or cooled body depends on time and similarly and amounts of delivered or lost heat and energy depend on time also. The fundamental equation of the calorymetery in a form of finite quantities has the following form:

                                    (1)

where:

M- a mass of a body

 a proper heat of the body

 temperatures of the body in considered  time moment t and in initial time moment  

, number of heats delivered to the body and heats lost by the body correspondingly

A solution (solving) of the calorimetric equation with taking into account the heat lost by a body in result of cooling. It by the “I.S.” is extremely difficult problem. In this situation we solved it at the assumption that cooling the body is markedly lower than other heats occurring in the Cal. EQ. (there are certain premises justifying such assumption. The solution enables to calculate certain dates and temperatures corresponding to them important for a thermal history of our planet Earth.

Having a tool for investigation of process of heating or cooling process of bodies which one a solution of the fundamental equation of the calorymetry is we undertook certain problems of heating or cooling the Sun and the Earth. Fortunately a thermal  interaction between the Sun and the Earth does not exist because the surface of the of the Sun is markedly bigger one that the surface of the Earth. So the Sun shapes thermal conditions on the Earth but the Earth practically does not influence a temperature of the Sun. The certain problems of heating and cooling the Sun are following ones :

1. The problem of heating of the Sun from the temperature of the “I.S.”  to a temperature  of visibility of the Sun.

According to our theory of spectra and intensity of radiation of Stars and Planets a temperature   of visibility of the Sun amounts 291,2°K (~18,2 °C).

This number may be seems to be shocking one but it is a true temperature of the Sun. There are two strong arguments in favoure of our value of the Sun temperature- 1-st one: a total intensity of radiation of the Sun corresponds to the Solar constant almost to the point. 2-nd one: points of inflection on the courve presenting spectral intensity of radiation of the Sun as calculated on basis of our theory- i.e. in the case of temperature of the Sun equal to                On both sides of the point maximum of the intensity of radiation meanwhile in the case of temperature of the Sun equal to (as the astronomers maintain) they lie on one the right side of the spectral courve. Our courve of spectral intensity confirms our picture.

The problem of existence of temperature of equilibrium for the Sun.

A state of thermodynamical equilibrium is achieved if a lost of energy of the Sun caused by cooling it by the “I.S.” and by emission of the Elm, radiation reaches a level of energy delivered for heating the Sun. A value of the energy.  delivered to the Sun in 1 sek is unknown. We can calculate it providing however that some additional assumptions must be done. These assumptions are:

(k) A lost of the energy of the Sun caused by cooling it by the “I.S.” is negligibly small one in comparision to other heats determining energetic state of the Sun, i.e. to the heat  delivered to the Sun the heat  lost by the Sun in result of emission of the Elm. Radiation.

(2k) A formula for a total intensity of radiation of the Sun is known one.

There some premises to consider that  the lost of the energy of the Sun cased by cooling it by the “I.S.”. Is negligibly small one in comparison to other heats (energies) determining a thermal state of the Sun. What concerns the assumption (2k) we derived a formula for the total intensity of radiation of the Sun on basis of our theory. It has appeatred that our formula for a total intensity of radiation of the Sun differs from the Stephan- Boltzman law with a value of the constant, only. Moreover it has appeared that values of the total intensity of radiation of the Sun calculated by us on a basis of our formula for our temperature of the Sun (291,2°K) and on a basis of the Stephan-Boltzman law. Are almost equal ones a difference between values occurs on 4-th place after coma.

A value of the Heat  determining the Sun thermodynamical equilibrium can be calculated from the formula determining a state of equilibrium of the Sun:



Where:

is a surface of the Sun ,  is our constant playing a role similar to the constant  in the Stephan- Boltzman law.

Putting in the formula :

 ,    

We find:



To maintain a temperature of the Sun on the same level amount of heat  must be continuously delivered and it is delivered. But who is delivere of this energy remains still a question without an answer or it is a matter of speculations, only. 

Commentary 1

Our history of the thermal conditions on the Earth begins from a time when the 1-st man appeared on the Earth, i.e. from the time when conditions climate ones and biological ones were suitable for life of people. What was earlier is a matter of speculations. In our visualization a course of events before the act of creation of the man could be following one :

(i)                 All essential objects (Stars, Planets) were being found in a thermodynamical equilibrium with the interstellar space (“I.S.”). Thus they had temperatures equal to the temperature of the “I.S.” which one according our calculations was equal to 3,64°K (this is our temperature of the background radiation coming to the Earth from the “I.S.”).

(ii)               The Sun (and may be other Stars) was gradually heated to the temperature of visibility which one according to our theory of spectra and intensity of radiation of Stars and Planets amounts 291,2°K (~18°C).

(iii)             The Earth was warmed to a temperature ~291,2 °K (~18°C) by the Sun.

Commentary 2

I.                   The Sun

1.      The problem of no uniform distribution of temperature on the surface of the Sun.

2.      The problem of existence of temperature of equilibrium for the Sun. A state of equilibrium would be achieved if a lost of energy of the Sun caused by emission of the Elm. Radiation would reached a level of energy delivered for heating the Sun. If a such equilibrium would be reached then further heating of the Sun would loose its sense because would change temperature of the Sun very slowely. We emphasized that to maintain the temperature of the equilibrium on the same level the energy delivered to the Sun must however remain on the same level as before reaching a state of equilibrium. We drew very useful conclusion concerning a state of equilibrium- the amount of escaping the Elm. Energy in the state of equilibrium  is just equal to the amount  of energy delivered for the heating the Sun. To maintain a temperature of the Sun on the same level amount of heat equal to the   must be delivered. And it is delivered. But who is deliverer of this energy remains still a question without an answer or it a matter of speculations, only. We calculated an amount of energy  delivered to the Sun during 1 sek assuming that a temperature of the Sun is equal to 300°K (this value of the Sun temperature result from our theory of intensity of radiation of Stars and Planets). The result of calculation is:

The powers M corresponding to the heats .

All heats Q can be presented in a form of  a product of a power M of a considered source of energy or equivalently to lost of the energy and a product of an element  of surface of the Earth and an element of time dt :

                                                                                                      (2)

We calculated the quantity  representing an entire heat delivered by the mankind in the process of breathing in 3-ee manners. The 1-st the specific heat of the air. The 2-nd manner is based upon a knowledge of the heat of burning the coal transported to the flunges by the blood in a process of oxizing the air taken from the atmosphere to flunges. The 3-d manner is based upon a knowledge of so called “life need” for eating.

The 1-st manner

(l) A heat breathed out by people living on the Earth to the atmosphere in one breathe is a product of the heath  by the single man in one breath and a population N of the people:

(2l) The heat  by the single man in one breath can be expressed by the following formula:

Where:

 a volume of the air in one breath

 a volume of the lungs in the phase of taking the breath

(3l) We calculated the quantity  putting in the formula for it:

A result of calculation is:

(4l) A power of heat corresponding to the entire number of people living on the Earth thus referred to the surface of the Earth is:

where:

 a time of 1 breath

(5l) Substituting in the formula:

  ,     ,            ,      

we obtain:

1,113

The 2-nd manner

A way of calculation is similar to this one presented in the 1-st manner. Essential difference in calculations relies upon replacement the specific heat of the air  by the heat of burning of the coal originated from eating brought to flungs by blood in the process of oxidizing it in the air breathed to flunges from the atmosphere. Here we give a result of calculations, only:



The 3-d manner

We assumed that so called “life need amounts 5600 kcal. Perhaps this number does not reflect well a real calorimetric value of meals consumed in average by people living in the Africa and Asia. Never the less establishes a credible point of reference for quantity . We obtained a value:



It has appeared that the quantity M   corresponding to the heat  is drastically bigger than remain quantities. This result confirms very common idea that the man was programmed for eating.

Conclusions

(l) Melting of ices on the poles continues. This is a natural process which one always takes place if a heat is delivered to the ice. Until the man appeared on the Earth a source of heat causing melting    of ices was the Sun. A question arised whether the people contribute to a process of melting of ices on the Earth recently. It appears that mankind influences  a temperature of the Earth in degree drastically lower than the Sun- “The mankind constant” introduced by us being equivalent to the Solar constant is of order  of the Solar constant. We may, say that influence of the people on the Earth temperature can be practically neglected. The ices on the poles of the Earth will melt further but the people have not practically any influence on this process.

(2l) The ices in Arctic and Antarctica will disappear completely and the Earth will become a “Green Planet”. But its temperature will grow further- a temperature of water in Oceans will grow further. In a face of a such perspective it is important to know a “safe temperature” of the Earth (safe for health and life of the people). There is a temptation to admit as the “safe temperature” for the people the constant temperature of the animals and the people organisms equal to 36,6 °C. This temperature would be still safe for people but it would be not comfortable for the people.

(3l) A manner of heating the Sun remains a mystery but for sure it is not a thermonuclear synthesis although we may not exclude a such possibility- the synthesis would have to be controlled reaction. But this would mean that intelligent beings live one the Sun. We say more- a such possibility should be treated seriously. The Sunians,  habitants of the Sun, can be even people.

(4l) The man does not live on the Planet Earth alone and his life depends on many factors. The most important one is nutrition of people. A basis of food for the man is a meat. But the meat is produced from plants. If an average temperature the Earth was below 0 °C then a life on the Earth would be practically impossible. And similarly if an average temperature of the Earth was above 40-50°C then a life would be impossible, also. Thus a life of animals and people can exist in a some interval of temperatures only. In this interval of temperatures physical and biological conditions are favorable for people. We say more - they are optimal ones for life of the man. All looks that way as all was subordinated to existence of the man on the Earth. Let us notice that remain planets of the Solar system have temperatures below 0 °C. A life on them does not exist. According to us the remain Planets of the Solar system are candidates for settling them by people. An exception is the Planet Venus - a temperature of this Planet according to us amounts ~ 300°K ( a such temperature results from observation of spectral intensity of its radiation. According to us a life already existed on the Planet Venus. On the Planet Venus the Venusians lived (beings similar to people or even the people). The life on the Planet Venus disappeared in a result of coming into existence of the carbon monoxide on the Planet. According to us a reason of this disaster was overpopulation. A mechanism of  coming into existence of the carbon monoxide was following one. During a one Venusian spring a temperature of the surface on the Planet grew as usually above 0°C. The plants as usually began to grow (develope). But after this phase of the spring occurred an unexpected return of the winter and the winter persisted futher for a period of time sufficiently long for destroy the plants. But people lived normally futher. A very big population of people made that the carbon dioxide produced by people in a process of breathing was not as usually completely assimilated by plants and as usually the plants did not delivered the oxygen to the atmosphere in amount sufficient for people. After some time during the same year a level of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere became for the Venusians killing. Our hypothesis about the catastrophe on the living Planet Venus can be verified. In this aim composition of the Venusian soil should be determined.

The people should colonize the Planets of the Solar system. The first candidate is the Planet Mars because its temperature is the mostly close to the temperature of the Earth.

Acknowledgment

This article arised from the Godish inspiration. All important ideas which ones lie at basises of the article are prompts of the God. An infinite is a wisdom of the God, not imaginable is His intelligence.

“In the God we trust”

We calculated the quantities  referred to a surface   of the Earth. One of the quantities namely a heat   delivered to the Earth is already known one- it is so called the Solar constant  . The remain quantities need calculation. The quantity  can be calculated on a basis of empirical data given usually at the end of each year.

Bellow we give number values of  the power M for all 4 sources of heat occurring for the Earth and being specified above. From these 4 powers a value of the power  is known, only. Remain powers need calculation. Unfortunately it is not an easy task because formulas necessary for calculation of them we must first to derive. And we did it. Below we give manners of derivation of the necessary formulas and effective calculation of the powers M: (i= 2, 3,4) on a basis of the derived formulas.

1.                                                       the Solar constant

2.     

where :

 is a power of energy used by the industry and agriculture

 is a power of heat called “the life need”

 is a power of heat removed to the atmospheres by the mankind in a process of breathing

Attention 1.

Energy used by the industry and the agriculture is an electrical energy (contained mainly in the alternating current) and it is produced by burning of coal and gas. So, we may consider that a heat used for production of the electrical energy goes to the Earth atmosphere.

Attention 2.

A marking part of the electrical energy goes for heating flats and preparing hot meals.

 (5l) This quantity plays a role similar to the Solar constant. Let us notice the it is drastically lower than the Solar constant . We may say that the man has not practically  influence on thermal conditions on the Earth. We remind that it is referred to recent times. Let us notice that yet in the beginning of the XX century the population of the mankind was twicely less than recently. It means that at the beginning of the XX century heating of the atmosphere by people was twicely lower than recently. A heat twicely bigger one makes an essential difference.

     (6l) The Quantity can  be by analogy to the Solar constant can be named the        heat constant of the mankind.

Conclusions



A manner of calculation is based upon a knowledge of an amount of the air contained in the lungs and of the specific heat of the air.